Which satirical novel, written by Voltaire, critiques optimism?

The novel that critiques optimism, particularly through its protagonist's misadventures, is "Candide" by Voltaire. In this satirical work, Voltaire explores the philosophy of optimism, famously embodied by the character Pangloss, who believes that "all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds." Throughout the narrative, Candide experiences a series of increasingly horrific events that challenge this philosophy, ultimately leading him to question and reject the simplistic notion that everything happens for a reason or that the world is inherently good.

Voltaire uses humor and absurdity to highlight the contrast between Pangloss's optimistic worldview and the harsh realities of life, effectively demonstrating the folly of uncritical optimism. The novel critiques not just the optimism espoused by philosophers like Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz but also tackles broader themes such as suffering, injustice, and the complexity of human experience. This deep dive into the absurdities of the human condition and philosophical thought makes "Candide" a central text in discussions of satire and philosophy.